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Environmental Remediation Drilling

Safety Guidelines

Page 91 of 132

4.16.9 - Health and Safety Hazards of Sampling

Soil and groundwater sampling present various hazards. Besides the usual physical hazards of normal

drilling activities and hazards that the individual sites pose, chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive

hazards are added when drilling and sampling from monitoring wells. Drilling and sampling activities

expose workers to various chemicals that were placed in the ground, either accidentally or intentionally and

extreme caution must always be taken when performing these activities in areas of known or suspected

waste sites. Not only should workers be aware of the hazards that individual chemicals pose, but of the

potential effects of mixtures or chemical interactions because the combination of substances at a waste site

may have a more powerfully adverse effect on human health than they would individually. Some of the

most significant hazards identified when sampling in known or suspected hazardous waste areas are:

• Exposure to chemicals or waste

• Strains

• Sprains

• Cuts

• Pinch points

• Slips trips, falls.

Sampling procedures are highly complex and must be tailored to fit the chemical being monitored, the

hydrogeologic situation, and the design of the monitoring wells. Detailed descriptions of groundwater and

soil sampling techniques can be found in publications by the Environmental Protection Agency

(Environmental Investigations Standard Operating Procedures and Quality Assurance Manual, EPA 542-S-

02-001, EPA-540-S-95-504), ASTM (D5088-02), National Ground Water and National Drilling

Associations as well as various scientific journals.

4.16.10 – Work Area Monitoring

Before sampling in areas of potential contamination, it is important to understand what potential physical or

chemical hazards the site may pose in addition to the chemical hazards of the materials and preservatives

being brought onsite for the purpose of sampling. Historical land use, waste manifests, environmental site

assessments, surveys, as built drawings or any other historical documentation may be used to help provide

site information. Once a site is ready to be sampled or drilled, the real or potential dangers from fire,

explosion, airborne contaminants, radiation, or oxygen deficient atmospheres may need to be monitored.

The following details hazards and the equipment used to identify those hazards. Action limits should be set

prior to entering the field based on the known or suspected contaminants that may be encountered onsite.

• Combustible Gases -- The atmosphere in any location capable of containing or generating a combustible

concentration of gases should be monitored with a combustible gas meter. Actions should be taken in

response of the meter reaching a defined percentage of the lower explosive limit (LEL); 25% is often

used to cause an immediate evacuation of the site.

• Oxygen Deficiency -- A location capable of containing or generating an oxygen deficiency either by

depletion or displacement should be monitored with an oxygen meter. Any reading less than 19.5%

oxygen will result in the use of self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

• Organic Vapors and Gases -- The atmosphere can be monitored with either a photoionization detector

(PID) or a flame ionization detector (FID). When appropriate, cyanide gas and halogenated vapors will

also be monitored. Any response above background concentrations may trigger an upgrade in PPE and

respiratory protection. In addition, chemical specific Draeger tubes can also be used to identify presence

of specific chemicals.

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